Define "paternalism" in medical ethics.

Paternalism in medical ethics refers to the practice in which healthcare providers make decisions for patients without seeking their consent or input. This approach is often justified by the belief that the healthcare provider knows what is best for the patient, particularly in situations where the patient may lack the capacity to make informed decisions.

In this context, paternalism can be seen as a protective measure, aimed at safeguarding a patient's well-being, especially in circumstances where they may be vulnerable or unable to appreciate the consequences of their choices. However, this philosophy raises ethical concerns regarding autonomy, as it can undermine a patient's right to make informed choices about their own health care.

The other definitions highlight important aspects of patient engagement and decision-making that are contrary to the concept of paternalism. For instance, allowing patients to make their own decisions promotes autonomy, while shared decision-making emphasizes collaboration between patients and providers. Informing patients about their options aligns with the principle of informed consent, which is essential in respecting patient autonomy and encouraging active participation in their healthcare. Thus, the correct identification of paternalism underscores the tension between a healthcare provider's intentions and a patient's rights.